<p>Optical recording of material cultural heritage (CH) is a multidisciplinary activity where the understanding of cross-disciplinary semantics is vital for a successful completion. In many cases, a lack of understanding of transdisciplinary semantics slows this process down. The end users who are mostly humanities experts lack the technical knowledge of spatial and spectral recording and could therefore demand more than what is actually required or sufficient for the intended CH application. The negotiations between technical experts and the end users are a tedious process. We present a semantic-based decision support system, COSCH^KR, that employs reasoning and recommends optimal recording technology(ies) according to the application requirements of the recorded and processed data. COSCH^KR is an ontology-based knowledge model that implies the development of semantic technologies within the Semantic Web framework. It represents formalized knowledge of the disciplines involved in the process of optical recording of material CH. The paper describes the applicability of the model in spatial, spectral, and visualization applications and summarises current possibilities and challenges.</p>

<p>The paper describes the relation between fuzzy and non-fuzzy description logics. It gives an overview about current research in these areas and describes the difference between tasks for description logics and fuzzy logics. The paper also deals with the transformation properties of description logics to fuzzy logics and backwards. While the process of transformation from a description logic to a fuzzy logic is a trivial inclusion, the other way of reducing information from fuzzy logic to description logic is a difficult task, that will be topic of future work.</p>

<p>It is common for cultural heritage applications to use spatial and/or spectral data for documentation, analysis and visualisation. Knowledge on data requirements coming from the cultural heritage application and technical alternatives to generate the required data based on object characteristics and other influencings factors paves the way for the optimal selection of a recording technology. It is a collaborative process requiring knowledge of experts from cultural heritage domains and technical domains. Currently, this knowledge is structured and stored in an ontology (so-called COSCHKR). It has the purpose to support CH experts not familiar with technologies through prescribing an optimal spatial or spectral recording strategy adapted to the physical characteristics of the cultural heritage object and the data requirements of the targeted CH application. The creation of digital 3D reconstructed models for analysis and visualisation purposes is getting more and more common within humanities disciplines. Therefore, an implementation of mechanisms involved in visualisation applications into this ontology would have huge benefits in creating a powerful recommendation solution. A structured view on such project workflows facilitates a rough match with the existing knowledge representation. Illustrating the overall structure of COSCHKR, this paper addresses and discusses challenges in structuring the processes of cultural heritage visualisation and implementing these into the ontology.</p>

<p>Accuracy, Artefact, Feature, Precision, Reconstruction, Resolution, Texture, Uncertainty are words central to many discussions of the documentation of CH. This chapter charts the interdisciplinary discussion towards a common understanding of terminologies used in CH. It is a discussion that recognizes critical differences or common misuse, and aims to contribute to a shared understanding that may be useful for all knowledge domains in the field.</p>

<p>The aim of this study was to examine and document the wall paintings in the Château de Germolles. Situated in Burgundy, France, Germolles is the best preserved residence of the Dukes of Burgundy and was listed as a monument of national importance in 1989.<br />The medieval wall decoration of the Château de Germolles was rediscovered under the nineteenth-century plasters during World War II. Medieval accounts of the château provide a detailed list of the materials acquired to make the mural decoration, but this list is incongruous when compared with the current appearance of the paintings. The discrepancy between the archival and material evidence, and also the need to understand the complexity of the painting technique used were the main motivations for undertaking the case study described in this chapter. Imaging alongside more traditional examination techniques were utilized to record and document the mural decoration. The objectives of the case study were to distinguish the original materials from those applied during restoration, identify those materials, and correlate them with the archives. We also tried to understand the medieval painting techniques used and assess the condition of the paintings and stabilization requirements. Finally we aimed to find a sustainable solution for the management of the various types of data collected. Various techniques and investigations offered valuable insights into the materials and the painting technique used. To improve visitor experience, based on the information gained in the course of this study, a 3D virtual representation of the original decoration is currently proposed for display to the public visiting the Château de Germolles.</p>

<p>From autumn 2010 to spring 2013 the German Archaeological Institute and the Swiss Institute for Architectural and Archaeological Research on Ancient Egypt continued the investigation of the city and temples of Elephantine (Aswan). The preliminary report presents the results of some of the projects conducted during this period.<br />As part of the ongoing rehabilitation work at the museum buildings located on the island of Elephantine, excavations were conducted near the northeastern limit of the ancient town. Among the earliest remains found in the area is a well preserved section of the city wall of the late 2nd dynasty. Outside the perimeter of this wall Nile sediments dating to the Old Kingdom were identified, as well as settlement remains of the 6th to 12th dynasties. Several pottery kilns of the early Middle Kingdom were discovered here. A later city wall appears to have been constructed during the reign of Senwosret III and it seems to have existed until the early New Kingdom.<br />The documentation and study of the relief blocks originating from the Khnum temple of the New Kingdom was continued. Many of the blocks can be attributed to the temple house, the courtyard and the first pylon built by Thutmosis III, as well as to the festival courtyard which was added by Amenophis II. Some of the blocks appear to originate from other, so far unknown buildings of the temple complex, including a cult building of Thutmosis I and II, a barque station of Hatshepsut and a construction of Thutmosis IV.<br />The aim of another project has been the investigation of workshop areas of the Late Antique Period. During the excavation of a house dating to the 5th&ndash;9th centuries AD, evidence for the baking of bread, the keeping of animals and the production of granodiorite bowls has been found. Nearby an oven used for smelting non-ferrous metal was identified. Fragments of melting pots, casting molds and slag provide information on the production process.</p>

<p>Shared thesauri of concepts are increasingly used in the process of data modelling and annotating resources in the Semantic Web. This growing family of linked data resources follows a top-down principle. In contrast, the Labeling System follows a bottom-up approach, enabling scientists working in the digital humanities to manage, create and publish their own controlled vocabularies in SKOS (Simple Knowledge Organization System). The created concepts can then be interlinked with well-known LOD (Linked Open Data) resources, a process named the &lsquo;Labeling Approach&rsquo;. The Labeling System is domain independent, while uniting perspectives of different scientific disciplines on the same label and therefore contributing to interdisciplinary collaboration for building up cross and inter-domain linked data communities. This paper addresses principles of the Labeling System in the light of archaeological use cases.</p>

<p>Application and analysis capabilities of 3D data sets generated through UAV photogrammetry are presented on the basis of an exemplary millstone quarry of the so-called Mayen quarry district (Germany). In general, millstone quarries are technical cultural heritage sites which give evidence for economic interpretations as they are of interest for the reconstruction of ancient procurement patterns. Particularly those quarries which had a high economic impact cover large areas with often arduous accessibility. Therefore, photogrammetric recording using a UAV is the best approach for fast and inexpensive high-quality documentation. The images are used to create a 3D data set and orthophoto. For analysis and interpretation the Spatial Image analysis and Visualisation Tool (SIVT) of i3mainz is used allowing a variety of interactive visualization functionalities. The 3D data are transformed into 2.5D data enabling segmentation of spatial information and volume calculations. Both functionalities support the cultural heritage expert&#39;s research: On the one hand the interactive segmentation allows producing a map of the quarry displaying only those parts associated with the extraction. On the other hand the output of the quarry including debris and millstone blanks can be calculated easily. All in all, the entire workflow beginning with data capture using a UAV followed by data processing, (2.5D / 3D) data analyses and visualisation of the results is presented.</p>

<p>Mit INSPIRE &ndash; der Geodateninfrastruktur der Europäischen Gemeinschaft &ndash; wird das Ziel verfolgt, umweltrelevante und harmonisierte Geodatenbestände für eine nachhaltige europäische Umweltpolitik und zur allgemeinen Bereitstellung für die Bürger der EU verfügbar zu machen. Die Konzeption und Umsetzung von Diensten der Behörden in Europa muss auf der Grundlage von vernetzten Datenbanken erfolgen. Zur Gewährleistung einer Interoperabilität zwischen den verschiedenen Ebenen und Systemen ist es zwingend notwendig, dass auf den verschiedenen Ebenen die Behörden und Systeme über gemeinsame Standards kommunizieren. Dabei sind sowohl semantische, syntaktische und organisatorische Rahmenbedingungen der Verwaltungen zu berücksichtigen. Diese spiegeln sich vor allem in den vorhandenen E-Government-Aktivitäten, Standardisierungen und Geoinformationssystemen (GIS) der Verwaltung wider. Zur Realisierung einer Geodateninfrastruktur in der Europäischen Gemeinschaft sollen die Mitgliedsstaaten ihre bereits vorhandenen Geodatensätze und -dienste stufenweise interoperabel verfügbar machen. Damit soll die Entscheidungsfindung in Bezug auf politische Konzepte und Maßnahmen, die direkte oder indirekte Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt haben können, unterstützt werden. Jedoch haben die gewachsenen Verwaltungsstrukturen in Städten und Landkreisen mit ihren jeweiligen Besonderheiten zu heterogenen Datenbeständen geführt. In dem entwickelten E-Government-Modell einer Geodateninfrastruktur (Geo-Government) kann Interoperabilität auf allen Ebenen nachgewiesen werden.</p>

<p>Spatial and spectral recording of cultural heritage objects is a complex task including data acquisition, processing and analysis involving different technical disciplines. Additionally, the development of a suitable digitisation strategy satisfying the expectations of the humanities experts needs an interdisciplinary dialogue often suffering from misunderstanding and knowledge gaps on both the technical and humanities sides. Through a concerted discussion, experts from the cultural heritage and technical domains currently develop a so-called COSCH KR (Colour and Space in Cultural Heritage Knowledge Representation) platform that will give recommendations for spatial and spectral recording strategies adapted to the needs of the cultural heritage application. The platform will make use of an ontology through which the relevant parameters of the different domains involved in the recording, processing, analysis, and dissemination of cultural heritage objects are hierarchically structured and related through rule-based dependencies. Background and basis for this ontology is the fact that a deterministic relation exists between (1) the requirements of a cultural heritage application on spatial, spectral, as well as visual digital information of a cultural heritage object which itself has concrete physical characteristics and (2) the technical possibilities of the spectral and spatial recording devices. Through a case study which deals with the deformation analysis of wooden samples of cultural heritage artefacts, this deterministic relationship is illustrated explaining the overall structure and development of the ontology. The aim of the COSCH KR platform is to support cultural heritage experts finding the best suitable recording strategy for their often unique physical cultural heritage object and research question. The platform will support them and will make them aware of the relevant parameters and limitations of the recording strategy with respect to the characteristics of the cultural heritage object, external influences, application, recording devices, and data.</p>

<p>Die <strong>Partizipation der Bürger</strong> ist ein wesentlicher Bestandteil moderner Demokratie, welche bei Planungsaufgaben der Kommunen zukünftig einen noch höheren Stellenwert einnehmen soll. Mit der Einführung von Geo-Informationssystemen (GIS) in kommunalen Verwaltungen, ist in den letzten Jahren die <strong>Nutzung digitaler Geodaten</strong> stetig gestiegen. Deren elektronische Bereitstellung sowie die Nutzung moderner Informations- und Kommunikationstechniken im Internet, bieten für Partizipation sehr große Chancen für die Verwaltungen und die Bürger:</p><ul><li><strong>Aktive Teilhabe</strong> der Bürger an Entscheidungsprozessen in Politik und Verwaltung.</li><li><strong>Transparenter Zugriff</strong> auf Informationen aus dem Bereich Planung, Bauen, Energie und Umwelt.</li><li>Förderung der <strong>elektronischen Kommunikation</strong> mit dem Planungsträger.</li><li><strong>Stellungnahmen</strong> können auf elektronischem Wege, unabhängig von Erreichbarkeit und Öffnungszeiten übermittelt werden.</li><li>Elektronische Partizipation als eine <strong>neue Form der Wissenskommunikation</strong>.</li><li>Geodaten sollen der <strong>Veranschaulichung der politischen Entscheidungsprozesse</strong> und der Beteiligung dienen.</li></ul><p>Dieser als <strong>&bdquo;Geo-Partizipation&quot;</strong> bezeichnete Forschungsansatz gilt in Anlehnung an den Begriff &bdquo;E-Partizipation&quot; für die IT-gestützten Beteiligungen, bei denen der Raumbezug in Form von Geoinformationen eine wichtige bzw. entscheidende Rolle spielt. Damit kann eine Nutzung von GIS nicht nur für die Erstellung von Planungen, sondern ein ganzheitliches Beteiligungsinstrument mit Geodaten der Verwaltung ermöglicht werden. Dazu zählen sowohl <strong>formale Beteiligungsverfahren der kommunalen Bauleitplanung</strong>, als auch informelle Verfahren der Stadtentwicklung oder der Dorferneuerung. Die im Bericht vorgestellte <strong>Internet-Plattform kann als Prototyp</strong> einer operativen &bdquo;Geo-Partizipation&ldquo; angesehen werden, welche für die Kommunen im Projekt des Instituts für Raumbezogene Informations- und Messtechnik (i3mainz) die Partizipation in Planungsverfahren unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Raumbezuges ermöglicht.</p>

<p>Die luxuriös ausgestatteten Wohneinheiten des am Nordhang des Bülbüldağ gelegenen Hanghauses 2 wurden im 3. Viertel des 3. Jhs. durch eine schwere Erdbebenserie zerstört. Statt die Wohnungen wiederaufzubauen, wurden bereits kurze Zeit nach der verheerenden Katastrophe mit Wasserkraft angetriebene Mühlen eingerichtet. Im Befund sind insgesamt acht Wasserradgerinne mit jeweils einer zugehörigen Mühlstube bzw. Werkstatt erhalten. Sie lassen sich drei Bauphasen zuordnen, die in das 4., 5./6. und Ende des 6./Anfang des 7. Jahrhunderts datieren. In der am besten erhaltenen Phase sind insgesamt fünf Räder hintereinandergeschaltet. Neben einer Steinsäge wurden vier Mahlgänge zur Mehlproduktion angetrieben. Eine große Personenanzahl konnte so mit dem wichtigsten Grundnahrungsmittel versorgt werden. Die Mühlenanlage wird in den städtischen Kontext von Ephesos gesetzt und mit anderen Mühlenanlagen verglichen.</p>

<p><span>Im Jahresbericht werden die Aktivitäten des i3mainz in komprimierter Form vorgestellt.</span></p>

<p>Cultural Heritage (CH) visualisations have to be understood as a combination of research sources, the contemporary historical and cultural context (Zeitgeist), project background and work process. All available information is collected, consolidated, filtered and assembled into a coherent picture. In case of digital 3D reconstructed models, the result is a digital data set that can be processed for different application fields. They are understood as a result of a complex creative process and as a synthesis of a CH research project, its CH context, the available research source material, and the modeling process itself. For all visualisation types in CH different conditions, factors, and basic rules apply to achieve a high quality result. Two examples are presented illustrating the structured view on visualisation projects as such. This paper seeks to differentiate the various research sources being the basis for digital 3D reconstructed models and defines work phases allowing a quality assessment. Furthermore, the potentials of including this structured view into the ontology COSCHKR currently under development is discussed. In combindation with traditional guidelines COSCHKR platform could open up new and flexible approaches.</p>

<p>The workshop and milling complex in Terrace House 2 comprises seven mills and one stone-sawing machine. Each were powered by a waterwheel. Based on the different features, it is possible to identify three building phases. The first comprised at least two mills powered by two independent waterwheels. The second had at least one mill. In the third phase five waterwheels drove four mills and one stone-sawing machine. In addition, it is possible to distinguish between two different types of waterwheel constructions.</p>

<p>Ontologies have traditionally been used to represent knowledge of a specific domain. They are also used to provide a base to infer the knowledge present inside them. However, the applications of ontologies within the Cultural Heritage (CH) community have been restricted to providing standard documentation for significant heritage objects. E.g., widely used ontology within CH disciplines, International Committee for Documentation Conceptual Reference Model (CIDOC CRM) is designed to provide standards in documenting archival information of physical CH object. There has been hardly any work relating the objects to their documentation purposes. In this paper, we present the Colour and Space in Cultural Heritage Knowledge Representation (= COSCHKR) ontology &ndash; a multi-faceted ontology. With COSCHKR, we present a system that infers inter-woven descriptive semantics of different involved CH disciplines in recording CH objects to recommend optimal spatial and spectral technical solutions to humanities experts and guide through the underlying complexities while recording their objects. It takes numbers of facts into consideration including physical characteristics of the CH objects, the characteristics of their surroundings and even other relevant facts such as budget or staff competence to infer against the characteristics of the technologies for a proper recommendation. In contrast to a typical Recommender System, which does the same for web-based content through stochastic methods, we use descriptive semantics at the concept level.</p>