<p>It is common for cultural heritage applications to use spatial and/or spectral data for documentation, analysis and visualisation. Knowledge on data requirements coming from the cultural heritage application and technical alternatives to generate the required data based on object characteristics and other influencings factors paves the way for the optimal selection of a recording technology. It is a collaborative process requiring knowledge of experts from cultural heritage domains and technical domains. Currently, this knowledge is structured and stored in an ontology (so-called COSCHKR). It has the purpose to support CH experts not familiar with technologies through prescribing an optimal spatial or spectral recording strategy adapted to the physical characteristics of the cultural heritage object and the data requirements of the targeted CH application. The creation of digital 3D reconstructed models for analysis and visualisation purposes is getting more and more common within humanities disciplines. Therefore, an implementation of mechanisms involved in visualisation applications into this ontology would have huge benefits in creating a powerful recommendation solution. A structured view on such project workflows facilitates a rough match with the existing knowledge representation. Illustrating the overall structure of COSCHKR, this paper addresses and discusses challenges in structuring the processes of cultural heritage visualisation and implementing these into the ontology.</p>

<p>The Château de Germolles is one of the rare palaces in France dating from the 14 th century. The noble floor is decorated with wall paintings that are a unique example of courtly love spirit that infused the princely courts of the time. After being concealed sometime in the 19 th century, the paintings were rediscovered and uncovered in the middle of the 20 th century and partly restored at the end of the 1990s. No scientific documentation accompanied these interventions and important questions, such as the level of authenticity of the mural decorations and the original painting technique(s) used in the medieval times remained unanswered. The combined scientific and financial supports of COSCH COST Action and DRAC-Burgundy enabled to study Germolles&#39; wall paintings using some of the most innovative imaging and analytical techniques and to address some of the questions raised. The study provided significant information on the material used in the medieval times and on the conservation condition of the paintings. The data collected is vast and varied and exposed the owners of the property to the challenges of data management.</p>

<p>Traditionally stone inscriptions or drawings are documented through pictures or rubbings. The latter ones represent an analogue copy of the stone&rsquo;s surface and its features which are reproduced on paper. The disadvantage of this technique is the physical impact to the stone and the contained elements. Images reproduce the surface without contact. However, they might be affected by geometrical distortions and need appropriate lighting conditions to show the signs properly.</p><p>These problems will be avoided by means of non-contact 3D measuring techniques, like fringe projection. Such high resolution 3D techniques provide an exact geometrical copy of the original petroglyph, offering better results in legibility compared to traditional techniques. Moreover, it gives a more objective base for analysis and has less impact on the sometimes sensitive and eroded surfaces. Furthermore 3D data allows more extensive and further possibilities in processing and gives better preconditions for the interpretation.</p><p>However, depending on factors like resolution, scanned surface and degree of overlap between individual scans original 3D datasets may represent large up to really massive volumes of data. An effective use of such datasets can only be realised if they are condensed and prepared in a suitable way. This means reduction of the data volume, minimising any disturbing influence emerging from the spatial shape of the surface and emphasizing relevant information. The corresponding preparation of the data will then be a good base for a interpretation performed by the human science specialist through an adapted visualization. In addition the data should be prepared for high performance presentation to a wider community via the internet.</p><p>Processed digital copies of the Petroglyphs are visualised in order to enable the user to inspect the processed scans of the objects. By inspecting the scans the application provides a mass of functionality for achieving different views into the Petroglyphs and their appearance. This comprises on the one hand a simple 2D viewer for the processed data, and on the other hand a 3D viewer with interactive changeable light positions and water levels as well as a viewer for applying various lookup tables (colour), predefined image filters (convolution) and template matching (matching) regarding individual characters.</p><p>Provided functionality of the 3D viewer is based on features of 3D computer graphics. Surface normal vectors from the grey values of the processed scans and a light direction vector from an interactively changeable light source are computed. In addition shading is complemented by water filling, whereby the gray values are limited by the water level selected. Individual modifications are possible to improve the subjective impression by the user, trying to support him in his process of interpretation. Interactive changes of the light source directly affect the shading of the surface and provide a better idea of the 3D surface of the inscription board. Dynamic virtual water filling enables the user to obtain an even better impression of the depth of the individual characters and emphasise weathered characters.</p><p>The paper will explain the developed techniques and document its potential at selected data sets.</p>

<div class="abstract"><p>In diesem Beitrag soll ein System vorstellt werden, welches eine einfache und flexible Visualisierung von geostatistischen Analysen ermöglicht.&nbsp;Beispielhaft soll die Anwendung &nbsp;anhand von &bdquo;Personalized&nbsp;Pollen&nbsp;Profiling&ldquo; Daten dargestellt werden. Die Daten repräsentieren Informationen zu Pollen,&nbsp;welche durch ein Gerät,&nbsp;welches der Patient am Körper trägt,&nbsp;aufgenommen werden. Diese werden&nbsp;anschließend&nbsp;automatisch klassifiziert und können anhand der Metainformation&nbsp;des Gerätes räumlich zugeordnet werden. Die so gewonnenen Messwerte sollen dann geostatistisch visualisiert werden.</p><p>Für das Bereitstellen der&nbsp;unterschiedlichen&nbsp;digitalen&nbsp;Kartenlayer&nbsp;wird&nbsp;ein Web Mapping Service (WMS) verwendet. Die geostatistischen Analysen&nbsp;werden&nbsp;allerdings über Web Processing Services&nbsp;zur Verfügung gestellt.&nbsp;Dafür&nbsp;wird ein System vorgestellt, welches eine hohe Flexibilität hinsichtlich&nbsp;seiner bereitstehenden Services (Cascading/Nested&nbsp;WPS) bietet und in einen WMS-Request Workflow&nbsp;integriert werden kann.&nbsp;Zudem wird der WPS nicht vom Client direkt angefragt, sondern das Ergebnis über den WMS zur Verfügung gestellt.&nbsp;Somit lässt sich&nbsp;das Ergebnis auch über eine&nbsp;Style-Definition manipulieren.&nbsp;Auch&nbsp;vereinfachen die klassischen WMS-Requests&nbsp;die Client-Entwicklung und verlagern die komplexere WPS-Request-Logik auf den Server.</p><p>Das System wird im Zuge eines Forschungsprojektes am i3mainz &ndash; Institut für Raumbezogene Informations- und Messtechnik entwickelt und baut vollständig auf freier Software auf.</p></div><p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Landmarks and focus based maps can play a important role within routing by supporting users in route finding and navigation. This paper shows one possible solution for generating focus based maps with landmarks by only using completely OGC-conform web service and standards. The aim is to increase technical interoperability also at this levelof realizations of LBS or navigation services. The techniques for choosing specific landmarks and generating the focus maps are shortly presented and their functionality is explained. The OpenLS core services implemented by ourself and their supporting functions are illustrated. The integration of the landmarks to the route instructions of the OpneLS Route Service happens during the route calculating algorithm without adding extra attributes or new elements to the standardized service interface. The generation of the focus based maps is realzed by our first implementation of an OpenLS Presentation Service. The article ends with an outlook on ideas for future deployment and research. One of these ideas is to extend the generation of focus based 2D maps to a generation of focus based 3D scenes and to integrate the landmarks as 3D models.</p>

<p>As it is widely known documentation is an important issue within the tasks of conservation, preservation and restoration of Cultural Heritage objects. In this context high-tech measuring methods which, at the same time, are located in the low-cost price segment, are of special interest. In this paper a special solution is presented, which preserves the potential of state-of-the-art photogrammetry and is simple enough to be used by non-technical experts on their own. The design of the system enables, e.g., scientists of the humanities to benefit from modern 3D measuring methods in their daily work without needing permanent support by technical professionals. The system consists of off-the-shelf digital cameras which actually have reached a high level of resolution, of image quality and of functionality, all at a reasonable price. Ease of use for measuring purposes is guaranteed by mounting one or two cameras on a specially developed space bar. The corresponding evaluation software allows for stereo-viewing on standard PC hardware, for various methods of stereophotogrammetric model referencing, for object digitizing as vector features, for data export as CAD data, for production of orthophotos and of true-scale object representations of curved surfaces. Two projects are reported for illustration of the system&rsquo;s application. The first project deals with the documentation of 500 caves in the Ukrainian area of Crimea, the second one gives an example for the application in the field of preservation of historical monuments in Germany. In both projects the stereophotogrammetric system was used as an integrated part within the full spectrum of modern metrology methods, comprising laser scanning, tacheometry, GPS and more.</p>

<p>Das Institut ist als wissenschaftliche Einrichtung der Lehreinheit Geoinformatik und&nbsp;<span style="line-height: 1.538em;">Vermessung der Fachhochschule Mainz mit der Wahrnehmung von Aufgaben im Bereich&nbsp;</span><span style="line-height: 1.538em;">der angewandten Forschung und Entwicklung sowie des Technologietransfers im&nbsp;</span><span style="line-height: 1.538em;">fachlichen Umfeld der Geoinformatik und Vermessung beauftragt. Der größte Teil der&nbsp;</span><span style="line-height: 1.538em;">Projekte befasst sich mit der Gewinnung, Verarbeitung und Visualisierung&nbsp;</span><span style="line-height: 1.538em;">raumbezogener Daten verschiedenartigster Objekte.</span></p>

<p>Digital reconstruction of archaeological objects may serve for different purposes and accordingly vary in the information provided. Simple web-based visualisations primarily need textural data combined with more or less accurate spatial geometry, classical documentations require complete and precise 3d-models allowing to eventually rebuild the object in case of damage, whereas basic research to the object itself, the history of its edification, the origin of the material used and the analysis of exiting damages demands a maximum of textural and geometrical information. In correspondence to these aims techniques for the data collection have to be selected, which will result in higher effort and higher demands to performance and versatility when more complex reconstructions are needed.</p><p>Looking at the actual technological progress, 3D-scanning, both structured light and laser based, and digital photogrammetry, for example, are providing possibilities to collect maximal information at a large spectrum. On the other hand, the potential of these new technologies sometimes will be overestimated, whereas effort and need for an adopted processing of data and a customised use of instruments often is&nbsp; underestimated. If therefor seems necessary to give a look into an interdisciplinary project of historians and surveyors dedicated to evaluate&nbsp; he value of these new sensing technologies.</p>