<p>Accuracy, Artefact, Feature, Precision, Reconstruction, Resolution, Texture, Uncertainty are words central to many discussions of the documentation of CH. This chapter charts the interdisciplinary discussion towards a common understanding of terminologies used in CH. It is a discussion that recognizes critical differences or common misuse, and aims to contribute to a shared understanding that may be useful for all knowledge domains in the field.</p>

<p>Dieser Beitrag beschreibt die a priori Abschätzung erreichbarer Genauigkeiten der Bündelblockausgleichung. Dies geschieht mit Hilfe des EMVA1288 Standards. Durch numerische Simulationen wird hierzu zunächst die Zentrumsunsicherheit der Zielmarken mit der daraus folgenden Objektraum-Unsicherheit verknüpft. Der nächste Schritt ist eine Verknüpfung der EMVA1288-Kennzahlen und der daraus resultierenden Unsicherheit eines Grauwertes mit Algorithmen zur Ellipsendetektion. Abschließend wird ein stochastisches Modell vorgeschlagen und an einer real durchgeführten Kamerakalibrierung untersucht.</p>

<p>Traditionally stone inscriptions or drawings are documented through pictures or rubbings. The latter ones represent an analogue copy of the stone&rsquo;s surface and its features which are reproduced on paper. The disadvantage of this technique is the physical impact to the stone and the contained elements. Images reproduce the surface without contact. However, they might be affected by geometrical distortions and need appropriate lighting conditions to show the signs properly.</p><p>These problems will be avoided by means of non-contact 3D measuring techniques, like fringe projection. Such high resolution 3D techniques provide an exact geometrical copy of the original petroglyph, offering better results in legibility compared to traditional techniques. Moreover, it gives a more objective base for analysis and has less impact on the sometimes sensitive and eroded surfaces. Furthermore 3D data allows more extensive and further possibilities in processing and gives better preconditions for the interpretation.</p><p>However, depending on factors like resolution, scanned surface and degree of overlap between individual scans original 3D datasets may represent large up to really massive volumes of data. An effective use of such datasets can only be realised if they are condensed and prepared in a suitable way. This means reduction of the data volume, minimising any disturbing influence emerging from the spatial shape of the surface and emphasizing relevant information. The corresponding preparation of the data will then be a good base for a interpretation performed by the human science specialist through an adapted visualization. In addition the data should be prepared for high performance presentation to a wider community via the internet.</p><p>Processed digital copies of the Petroglyphs are visualised in order to enable the user to inspect the processed scans of the objects. By inspecting the scans the application provides a mass of functionality for achieving different views into the Petroglyphs and their appearance. This comprises on the one hand a simple 2D viewer for the processed data, and on the other hand a 3D viewer with interactive changeable light positions and water levels as well as a viewer for applying various lookup tables (colour), predefined image filters (convolution) and template matching (matching) regarding individual characters.</p><p>Provided functionality of the 3D viewer is based on features of 3D computer graphics. Surface normal vectors from the grey values of the processed scans and a light direction vector from an interactively changeable light source are computed. In addition shading is complemented by water filling, whereby the gray values are limited by the water level selected. Individual modifications are possible to improve the subjective impression by the user, trying to support him in his process of interpretation. Interactive changes of the light source directly affect the shading of the surface and provide a better idea of the 3D surface of the inscription board. Dynamic virtual water filling enables the user to obtain an even better impression of the depth of the individual characters and emphasise weathered characters.</p><p>The paper will explain the developed techniques and document its potential at selected data sets.</p>

<p>Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit dem Einfluss der Zielmarkenexzentrizität während der Kamera-<br />Kalibrierung in Kombination mit verschiedenen Kalibrierkörpern. Zunächst wird<br />deren Einfluss auf die Resultate anhand numerischer Simulationen nachgewiesen. In diesen<br />Simulationen wird eine Erfassung des Einflusses der Exzentrizität auf Bildmessung, Objekt-<br />und Kamerageometrie angestrebt. Im zweiten Schritt wird eine Realkalibrierung mit<br />vergleichbarer Aufnahmekonfiguration durchgeführt. Dabei werden Gemeinsamkeiten bzw.<br />Unterschiede der erreichten Ergebnisse diskutiert sowie eine mögliche Kompensation des<br />Einflusses in der Praxis erörtert.</p>

<p><span class="Abstract" id="scm6MainContent_rptSections_lblSection_0">Modern instruments like laser scanner and 3D cameras or image based techniques like structure from motion produce huge point clouds as base for further object analysis. This has considerably changed the way of data compilation away from selective manually guided processes towards automatic and computer supported strategies. However it&rsquo;s still a long way to achieve the quality and robustness of manual processes as data sets are mostly very complex. Looking at existing strategies 3D data processing for object detections and reconstruction rely heavily on either data driven or model driven approaches. These approaches come with their limitation on depending highly on the nature of data and inability to handle any deviation. Furthermore, the lack of capabilities to integrate other data or information in between the processing steps further exposes their limitations. This restricts the approaches to be executed with strict predefined strategy and does not allow deviations when and if new unexpected situations arise. We propose a solution that induces intelligence in the processing activities through the usage of semantics. The solution binds the objects along with other related knowledge domains to the numerical processing to facilitate the detection of geometries and then uses experts&rsquo; inference rules to annotate them. The solution was tested within the prototypical application of the research project &ldquo;Wissensbasierte Detektion von Objekten in Punktwolken für Anwendungen im Ingenieurbereich (WiDOP)&rdquo;. The flexibility of the solution is demonstrated through two entirely different USE Case scenarios: Deutsche Bahn (German Railway System) for the outdoor scenarios and Fraport (Frankfort Airport) for the indoor scenarios. Apart from the difference in their environments, they provide different conditions, which the solution needs to consider. While locations of the objects in Fraport were previously known, that of DB were not known at the beginning. &copy; (2015) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.</span></p>

<p>This paper documents the formulation of an international, interdisciplinary study, on a concerted European level, to prepare an innovative, reliable, independent and global knowledge base facilitating the use of today&rsquo;s and future optical measuring techniques for the documentation of&nbsp; cultural heritage. Cultural heritage professionals, color engineers and scientists share similar goals for the documentation, curation, long-term preservation and representation of cultural heritage artifacts. Their focus is on accuracy in the digital capture and remediation of artefacts through a range of temporal, spatial and technical constraints. A shared vocabulary to interrogate these shared concerns will transform mutual understanding and facilitate an agreed movement forward in cultural heritage documentation here proposed in the work of the COST Action Color and Space in Cultural Heritage (COSCH). The goal is a model that captures the shared concerns of professionals for a standards-based solution with an organic Linked Data model. The knowledge representation proposed here invokes a GUI interface for non-expert users of capture technologies, facilitates, and formulates their engagement with key questions for the field.</p>

<p>Results from two sample projects will be presented, showing possibilities to improve quality and precision of data capture and evaluation.</p><p>One example explains the potential to improve the absolute positional accuracy of a robot guided effector when applying photogrammetric strategies. Need and aims of such a tracking process are explained, followed by a description of actual solutions and their restrictions. Then the potential of photogrammetric solutions for such purposes are outlined, followed by a detailed description of the system developed. Finally, practical tests are shown, underlining that the design and realization are able to hold the challenging aims and improve the absolute accuracy of a robot by a factor of 20.</p><p>In an second example possibilities to evaluate huge data sets are presented. Due to the increasing availability of large unstructured point clouds obtained from laser scanning and/or photogrammetric data, there is a growing demand for automatic processing methods. Given the complexity of the underlying problems, several new methods resort to using semantic knowledge in particular for supporting object detection and classification. A novel approach making use of advanced algorithms is shown, in order to benefit from intelligent knowledge management strategies for the processing of 3D point clouds along with object classification in scanned scenes. In particular, these method extends the use of semantic knowledge to all stages of the processing, including the guidance of the 3D processing algorithms. The complete solution consists in a multi-stage iterative concept based on three factors: the modeled knowledge, the package of algorithms, and the classification engine.</p>

<p class="bodytext">A good documentation of archaeological excavations is of high importance due to the destructive characteristic of the process. Developments in technology and concepts allow new, often more effective approaches in the documentation process during excavation. Recording finds and features in their three-dimensional spatial distribution will aid at understanding the entire archaeological context after finishing field-work. Image-based documentation and 3D-scanning are valuable tools for preserving the site as a virtual excavation space on which informed archaeological analysis can be based.</p><p class="bodytext">The use of digital tools will result in manifold digital data representations. Especially these datasets must comply with certain specifications, such as formats, descriptions, meta information, etc. to be used in the long term, and thus be sustainable beyond the excavation project itself.</p><p class="bodytext">The meeting will deal with technological aspects of documenting the excavation, further archaeological processing, and data archiving.</p>

<p><strong>Motivation</strong><br />Tesat Spacecom realisiert laserbasierte Systeme für die optische Kommunikation zwischen Erdsatelliten, sog. Laser Terminals LCT. Eine besondere technische<br />Herausforderung ist es hierbei, den Laserstrahl vom sendenden Satelliten präzise auf den empfangenden Satelliten zu richten, der sich in einer Entfernung<br />von mehreren tausend Kilometern befindet und sich mit einer Geschwindigkeit von ca. 25.000 km/h bewegt. Für das i3mainz ist die Lösung der zugehörigen anspruchsvollen messtechnischen Aufgaben an der Grenze der heute erreichbaren Genauigkeit von großem Interesse, da sich daraus zahlreiche Impulse<br />für messtechnische Lösungen auf der Erde ergeben, insbesondere für Objekte &bdquo;in Bewegung&ldquo;: Zukünftige Einsatzfelder könnten durchaus in der automatisierten Baumaschinensteuerung oder in der Schwingungserfassung und Vibrationsanalyse für die Instandhaltung von technischen Bauwerken liegen. Mit der Unterzeichnung des Rahmenvertrags über die Lieferung von Laserkommunikations-Terminals für EDRS zwischen Tesat und der europäischen Weltraumbehörde ESA gewinnt die kommerzielle Nutzung von Laserterminals deutliche Konturen: Das European Data Relay Satellite System EDRS ist ein System von geostationären Kommunikationssatelliten, die eine kontinuierliche Datenübertragung zwischen Satelliten, unbemannten Flugkörpern (UAVs) und Bodenstationen ermöglicht. Das System soll Vollzeitkommunikation auch mit Satelliten in erdnaher Umlaufbahn erlauben, die derzeit immer nur während des kurzen Zeitfensters eines direkten Überflugs mit der Bodenstation Daten austauschen können. EDRS wird hochaktuelle Geoinformationen am richtigen Ort und zur richtigen Zeit verfügbar machen und damit zum Beispiel Rettungskräfte mit Nahe-Echtzeit-Satellitendaten und Informationen der Krisenregion versorgen, in der sie tätig sind. Die ersten Terminals werden in die beiden niedrig fliegenden LEO-Satelliten Sentinel 1a und Sentinel 2a und den geostationären Satelliten Alphasat montiert.<br /><br /><strong>Aktivitäten</strong><br />Aus Sicht des i3mainz gab die neue Konzeption zur hochgenauen Laborkalibrierung von Laserterminals seitens Prof. Dr. Martin Schlüter Anfang 2006 den<br />Startschuss. Noch in 2006 folgte die Kalibrierung des Laserterminals für den deutschen Erdbeobachtungssatelliten TerraSAR-X. In 2007 schloss sich die Einrechnung des Laserterminals für den amerikanischen Technologiesatelliten NFIRE an. Zwischen diesen beiden Satelliten gelingt bis heute der erfolgreiche Datentransfer zwischen Laserterminals im Orbit um die Erde. In den Jahren 2007 bis 2008 wurde seitens des i3mainz das Kinematische Tracking mit zwei motorisierten Digitalkameratheodoliten auf der Basis von motorisierten Präzisionstheodoliten Leica TM5100 mittels automatisierter Bildverarbeitung realisiert. Diese neuartigen Messsysteme bewährten sich 2009 bei der Einrechnung des Laserterminals MLT. Zukunftsweisend ist die Untersuchung des i3mainz zur Eignung des Lasertrackers Leica AT401 für Autokollimationszielungen auf Referenzwürfel in 2012, mit freundlicher Unterstützung der Hexagon Metrology GmbH. Zur Einrechnung des Laserterminals für Alphasat erweisen sich die i3mainz-Digitalkameratheodolite bereits als bewährte Arbeitspferde.</p>

<p>Bis zu 62 500 Zielungen pro Sekunde werden derzeit mit einer USB 3.0 Industriekamera am geodätischen Tachymeter erreicht. Exemplarisch betrachten wir die Einsatzmöglichkeiten solcher Systeme für die Erfassung hochfrequenter Schwingungen, stellen aktuelle Grenzen dar und schlagen einen pragmatischen Weg für eine präzise zeitliche Zuordnung der Beobachtungen mithilfe eines GPS-Zeitempfängers vor.</p><p>Neben hochfrequenten Zielungen erlaubt das am Institut für raumbezogene Informations- und Messtechnik i3mainz entwickelte Konzept MoDiTa &ndash; Modulare DigitalkameraTachymeter &ndash; ein hochgenaues Monitoring über lange Zeiträume. Mithilfe der modularen Okularkameras und einem Kollimator als Ziel werden die bekannten Verfahren zur automatischen Zielerfassung und Zielverfolgung von Punkten im Raum (wie z.B. ATR) mit der hochgenauen Erfassung absoluter Ausrichtungen im Raum ergänzt.</p>

<p>Autokollimationszielungen ergänzen die hochgenaue 3D-Koordinatenmesstechnik und ermöglichen die präzise Festlegung von Richtungen im Raum auch unter beengten räumlichen Verhältnissen. Exemplarisch untersuchen wir die Durchführung von Autokollimationzielungen mit einem Lasertracker. Um die neuartige Vorgehensweise mit dem Leica Absolute Tracker AT401 dem klassischen Prozedere mit Industrietheodolit und Autokollimationsokular vergleichend gegenüber stellen zu können, vermessen wir einen verspiegelten Prüfkörper dreimal unabhängig voneinander mit unterschiedlichen Gerätesystemen.</p>

<p>Autokollimationszielungen ergänzen die hochgenaue 3D-Koordinatenmesstechnik und ermöglichen die präzise Festlegung von Richtungen im Raum auch unter beengten räumlichen Verhältnissen. Exemplarisch untersuchen wir die Durchführung von Autokollimationzielungen mit einem Lasertracker.</p><p>Um die neuartige Vorgehensweise mit dem Leica Absolute Tracker AT401 dem klassischen Prozedere mit Industrietheodolit und Autokollimationsokular vergleichend gegenüber stellen zu können, vermessen wir einen verspiegelten Prüfkörper dreimal unabhängig voneinander mit unterschiedlichen Gerätesystemen.</p>

<div>Derzeit sind neben neun Professoren am Institut mehr als zwanzig wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter mit Zeitverträgen angestellt. Neben ihnen sind Studierende mit ihren Abschlussarbeiten, Praktikanten und studentische Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter in die Arbeit des Instituts eingebunden.</div><div>Im Jahr 2012 standen Mittel im Gesamtumfang von 1,28 Mio Euro zur Verfügung. Dazu zählten Mittel der FH Mainz, des Landes, öffentlicher Förderprogramme, der Europäischen Union und Drittmittel aus der Wirtschaft.&nbsp;</div>

<p>Over the last few years, formal ontologies has been suggested as a solution for several engineer problems, since it can efficiently replace standard data bases and relational one with more flexibility and reliability. In fact, well designed ontologies own lots of positive aspects, like those related to defining a controlled vocabulary of terms, inheriting and extending existing terms, declaring a relationship between terms, and inferring relationships by reasoning on existent ones. Ontologies are used to represent formally the knowledge of a domain where the basic idea was to present knowledge using graphs and logical structure to make computers able to understand and process it, (Boochs, et al., 2011). As most recent works, the tendency related to the use of semantic has been explored, (Ben Hmida, et al., 2010) (Hajian, et al., 2009) (Whiting, 2006) where the automatic data extraction from 3D point clouds presents one of the new challenges, especially for map updating, passenger safety and security improvements. However such domain is characterized by a specific vocabulary containing different type of object. In fact, the assumption that knowledge will help the improvement of the automation, the accuracy and the result quality is shared by specialists of the point cloud processing.</p>

<p>This paper presents a knowledge-based detection of objects approach using the OWL ontology language, the Semantic Web Rule Language, and 3D processing built-ins aiming at combining geometrical analysis of 3D point clouds and specialist&rsquo;s knowledge. Here, we share our experience regarding the creation of 3D semantic facility model out of unorganized 3D point clouds. Thus, a knowledge-based detection approach of objects using the OWL ontology language is presented. This knowledge is used to define SWRL detection rules. In addition, the combination of 3D processing built-ins and topological Built-Ins in SWRL rules will allows more flexible and intelligent detection, and the annotation of objects contained in 3D point clouds. The created WiDOP prototype takes a set of 3D point clouds as input, and produces as output a populated ontology corresponding to an indexed scene visualized within VRML language. The context of the study is the detection of railway objects materialized within the Deutsche Bahn scene such as signals, technical cupboards, electric poles, etc. Thus, the resulting enriched and populated ontology, that contains the annotations of objects in the point clouds, is used to feed a GIS system or an IFC file for architecture purposes.</p>

<div>Angewandte Forschung, Entwicklung und Technologietransfer im fachlichen Umfeld der&nbsp;<span style="line-height: 1.538em;">Geoinformatik und Vermessung sind die Arbeitsschwerpunkte im Institut. Moderne Verfahren&nbsp;</span><span style="line-height: 1.538em;">der Messtechnik für die Gewinnung raumbezogener Daten und die Technologien zu deren&nbsp;</span><span style="line-height: 1.538em;">Weiterverarbeitung, Analyse und Visualisierung stellen dabei die wichtigsten Werkzeuge dar.</span></div><div>&nbsp;</div><div><span style="line-height: 1.538em;">Im Jahr 2011 standen Mittel im Gesamtumfang von ca. &euro; 1.090.000 zur Verfügung, womit das&nbsp;</span><span style="line-height: 1.538em;">Institut erneut die Schwelle von 1 Mio. EUR überschreiten konnte. Diese Mittel wurden vor </span><span style="line-height: 1.538em;">allem zur Bezahlung des Personals verwendet. Der größte Anteil (59%) sind Drittmittel, 20%&nbsp;</span><span style="line-height: 1.538em;">stammen vom Ministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft Jugend und Kultur Rheinland-Pfalz und&nbsp;</span><span style="line-height: 1.538em;">weitere 21% aus dem Haushalt der Fachhochschule Mainz.</span></div>

<p>Spatial technology has gained momentum under database systems. More specifically, the spatial operations and spatial functions are used to carry out spatial analysis which can be executed through these database systems. In addition, there has been significant amount of research in the field of the geospatial ontology domain in order to achieve the semantic interoperability between different data sources. Although, data interoperability is one of the main objectives of the Semantic Web technologies, the potentiality of the underlying knowledge tools and techniques have not been completely identified. With the growing influence of the Semantic Web technologies towards the application based on knowledge management and intelligent systems, the geospatial application benefits from this influence. This thesis emphasizes on the use of knowledge to manage spatial data within spatial information systems through the Semantic Web framework.<br />This research activity is carried out with the backdrop of the case study of the industrial archaeology. It sets up an ideal environment for the application of knowledge to manage the huge and heterogeneous dataset. The use of knowledge to manage the diversity of information was well executed through the application prototype named ArchaeoKM which is based on the Semantic Web. The ArchaeoKM framework follows the 4Ks processing steps: Knowledge Acquisition, Knowledge Management, Knowledge Visualization and Knowledge Analysis. The same processing principle of 4Ks was implemented during the spatial knowledge processing. A top level ontology was developed in order to serve as the background representation of the case study in order to adjust the spatial components. Keeping the custom, the spatial knowledge processing begins with acquiring spatial signatures of the identified objects. The spatial signatures are stored within the spatial database system with proper mapping to the objects in the knowledge base. The spatial knowledge of these objects is managed through executing the spatial functions at the database level and enriching the knowledge base with the results. This spatially enriched knowledge base is used again to analyze the spatial knowledge. This research thesis benefits from Semantic Web Rule Language in order to infer knowledge. In addition, the spatial built-ins proposed during the course add up spatial dimension to the SWRL for spatial inferences. Similarly, a spatial extension of the query language SPARQL is proposed in order to query spatial knowledge from the knowledge base.<br />Actually, this research thesis provides the initial steps in integrating spatial components within the Semantic Web framework. This integration process is important for both technologies. Regarding the Semantic Web, the integration of non-typical semantic information within this framework opens up doors to other data pattern making the transformation of technologies easier. Likewise, geospatial technologies and GIS systems benefits through the inclusion of knowledge in the analysis process making the analysis much closer and efficient to human interpretation.</p>