<p>Optical recording of material cultural heritage (CH) is a multidisciplinary activity where the understanding of cross-disciplinary semantics is vital for a successful completion. In many cases, a lack of understanding of transdisciplinary semantics slows this process down. The end users who are mostly humanities experts lack the technical knowledge of spatial and spectral recording and could therefore demand more than what is actually required or sufficient for the intended CH application. The negotiations between technical experts and the end users are a tedious process. We present a semantic-based decision support system, COSCH^KR, that employs reasoning and recommends optimal recording technology(ies) according to the application requirements of the recorded and processed data. COSCH^KR is an ontology-based knowledge model that implies the development of semantic technologies within the Semantic Web framework. It represents formalized knowledge of the disciplines involved in the process of optical recording of material CH. The paper describes the applicability of the model in spatial, spectral, and visualization applications and summarises current possibilities and challenges.</p>

<p>Application and analysis capabilities of 3D data sets generated through UAV photogrammetry are presented on the basis of an exemplary millstone quarry of the so-called Mayen quarry district (Germany). In general, millstone quarries are technical cultural heritage sites which give evidence for economic interpretations as they are of interest for the reconstruction of ancient procurement patterns. Particularly those quarries which had a high economic impact cover large areas with often arduous accessibility. Therefore, photogrammetric recording using a UAV is the best approach for fast and inexpensive high-quality documentation. The images are used to create a 3D data set and orthophoto. For analysis and interpretation the Spatial Image analysis and Visualisation Tool (SIVT) of i3mainz is used allowing a variety of interactive visualization functionalities. The 3D data are transformed into 2.5D data enabling segmentation of spatial information and volume calculations. Both functionalities support the cultural heritage expert&#39;s research: On the one hand the interactive segmentation allows producing a map of the quarry displaying only those parts associated with the extraction. On the other hand the output of the quarry including debris and millstone blanks can be calculated easily. All in all, the entire workflow beginning with data capture using a UAV followed by data processing, (2.5D / 3D) data analyses and visualisation of the results is presented.</p>

<p><span class="Abstract" id="scm6MainContent_rptSections_lblSection_0">Modern instruments like laser scanner and 3D cameras or image based techniques like structure from motion produce huge point clouds as base for further object analysis. This has considerably changed the way of data compilation away from selective manually guided processes towards automatic and computer supported strategies. However it&rsquo;s still a long way to achieve the quality and robustness of manual processes as data sets are mostly very complex. Looking at existing strategies 3D data processing for object detections and reconstruction rely heavily on either data driven or model driven approaches. These approaches come with their limitation on depending highly on the nature of data and inability to handle any deviation. Furthermore, the lack of capabilities to integrate other data or information in between the processing steps further exposes their limitations. This restricts the approaches to be executed with strict predefined strategy and does not allow deviations when and if new unexpected situations arise. We propose a solution that induces intelligence in the processing activities through the usage of semantics. The solution binds the objects along with other related knowledge domains to the numerical processing to facilitate the detection of geometries and then uses experts&rsquo; inference rules to annotate them. The solution was tested within the prototypical application of the research project &ldquo;Wissensbasierte Detektion von Objekten in Punktwolken für Anwendungen im Ingenieurbereich (WiDOP)&rdquo;. The flexibility of the solution is demonstrated through two entirely different USE Case scenarios: Deutsche Bahn (German Railway System) for the outdoor scenarios and Fraport (Frankfort Airport) for the indoor scenarios. Apart from the difference in their environments, they provide different conditions, which the solution needs to consider. While locations of the objects in Fraport were previously known, that of DB were not known at the beginning. &copy; (2015) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.</span></p>

<p>Das Vorhaben will einen Innovationsschub für die Anwendung vermessungstechnischer<br />Tachymeter (auch Totalstationen, mobile Polarmesssysteme großer Reichweite)<br />auslösen.<br />Ermöglicht wird dieser Innovationsschub durch die Integration bildgebender Sensoren<br />mit einem konsequent modularen Lösungsansatz an Stelle der bislang mit nur<br />mäßigem Erfolg unternommenen monolithischen Lösungsansätze. Durch unser Konzept<br />werden die stark unterschiedlichen Entwicklungszyklen der zentralen Systemkomponenten<br />entkoppelt. Dadurch werden mittelfristig insbesondere KMU, Entwicklungseinrichtungen<br />und Hochschulen in die Lage versetzt, anwendungsspezifische<br />Lösungen für den expandierenden Markt von Geoinformationen und den steigenden<br />Bedarf an räumlichen Geometriedaten zu entwickeln und in der Folge auch eigenständig<br />zu vermarkten.</p>

<p>Traditionally stone inscriptions or drawings are documented through pictures or rubbings. The latter ones represent an analogue copy of the stone&rsquo;s surface and its features which are reproduced on paper. The disadvantage of this technique is the physical impact to the stone and the contained elements. Images reproduce the surface without contact. However, they might be affected by geometrical distortions and need appropriate lighting conditions to show the signs properly.</p><p>These problems will be avoided by means of non-contact 3D measuring techniques, like fringe projection. Such high resolution 3D techniques provide an exact geometrical copy of the original petroglyph, offering better results in legibility compared to traditional techniques. Moreover, it gives a more objective base for analysis and has less impact on the sometimes sensitive and eroded surfaces. Furthermore 3D data allows more extensive and further possibilities in processing and gives better preconditions for the interpretation.</p><p>However, depending on factors like resolution, scanned surface and degree of overlap between individual scans original 3D datasets may represent large up to really massive volumes of data. An effective use of such datasets can only be realised if they are condensed and prepared in a suitable way. This means reduction of the data volume, minimising any disturbing influence emerging from the spatial shape of the surface and emphasizing relevant information. The corresponding preparation of the data will then be a good base for a interpretation performed by the human science specialist through an adapted visualization. In addition the data should be prepared for high performance presentation to a wider community via the internet.</p><p>Processed digital copies of the Petroglyphs are visualised in order to enable the user to inspect the processed scans of the objects. By inspecting the scans the application provides a mass of functionality for achieving different views into the Petroglyphs and their appearance. This comprises on the one hand a simple 2D viewer for the processed data, and on the other hand a 3D viewer with interactive changeable light positions and water levels as well as a viewer for applying various lookup tables (colour), predefined image filters (convolution) and template matching (matching) regarding individual characters.</p><p>Provided functionality of the 3D viewer is based on features of 3D computer graphics. Surface normal vectors from the grey values of the processed scans and a light direction vector from an interactively changeable light source are computed. In addition shading is complemented by water filling, whereby the gray values are limited by the water level selected. Individual modifications are possible to improve the subjective impression by the user, trying to support him in his process of interpretation. Interactive changes of the light source directly affect the shading of the surface and provide a better idea of the 3D surface of the inscription board. Dynamic virtual water filling enables the user to obtain an even better impression of the depth of the individual characters and emphasise weathered characters.</p><p>The paper will explain the developed techniques and document its potential at selected data sets.</p>

<p>Constant technological progress results in new possibilities to produce reliable and rich spatial data of cultural heritage objects. In order to make optimal use of these capabilities, it is important to identify and name the information required to best serve the reasoning processes in these application fields. Correspondingly it is necessary to know about the characteristics of digitization techniques producing the content adapted to the needs of the applications. Due to the considerable complexity of instruments and processes producing the data, it is helpful to have a clear structure which relates the capabilities of the instruments to the requirements of the applications. This paper addresses this topic and shows a way of structuring spatial techniques as well as how this structure can be related to applications in the field of cultural heritage.</p>

<p>This paper documents the formulation of an international, interdisciplinary study, on a concerted European level, to prepare an innovative, reliable, independent and global knowledge base facilitating the use of today&rsquo;s and future optical measuring techniques for the documentation of&nbsp; cultural heritage. Cultural heritage professionals, color engineers and scientists share similar goals for the documentation, curation, long-term preservation and representation of cultural heritage artifacts. Their focus is on accuracy in the digital capture and remediation of artefacts through a range of temporal, spatial and technical constraints. A shared vocabulary to interrogate these shared concerns will transform mutual understanding and facilitate an agreed movement forward in cultural heritage documentation here proposed in the work of the COST Action Color and Space in Cultural Heritage (COSCH). The goal is a model that captures the shared concerns of professionals for a standards-based solution with an organic Linked Data model. The knowledge representation proposed here invokes a GUI interface for non-expert users of capture technologies, facilitates, and formulates their engagement with key questions for the field.</p>

<p>Results from two sample projects will be presented, showing possibilities to improve quality and precision of data capture and evaluation.</p><p>One example explains the potential to improve the absolute positional accuracy of a robot guided effector when applying photogrammetric strategies. Need and aims of such a tracking process are explained, followed by a description of actual solutions and their restrictions. Then the potential of photogrammetric solutions for such purposes are outlined, followed by a detailed description of the system developed. Finally, practical tests are shown, underlining that the design and realization are able to hold the challenging aims and improve the absolute accuracy of a robot by a factor of 20.</p><p>In an second example possibilities to evaluate huge data sets are presented. Due to the increasing availability of large unstructured point clouds obtained from laser scanning and/or photogrammetric data, there is a growing demand for automatic processing methods. Given the complexity of the underlying problems, several new methods resort to using semantic knowledge in particular for supporting object detection and classification. A novel approach making use of advanced algorithms is shown, in order to benefit from intelligent knowledge management strategies for the processing of 3D point clouds along with object classification in scanned scenes. In particular, these method extends the use of semantic knowledge to all stages of the processing, including the guidance of the 3D processing algorithms. The complete solution consists in a multi-stage iterative concept based on three factors: the modeled knowledge, the package of algorithms, and the classification engine.</p>

<p><span style="line-height: 1.538em;">Due to the increasing availability of large unstructured point clouds obtained from laser scanning and/or photogrammetric data, there is a growing demand for automatic processing methods. Given the complexity of the underlying problems, several new methods try to using semantic knowledge in particular for supporting object detection and classification. In this paper, we present a novel approach which makes use of advanced algorithms to benefit from intelligent knowledge management strategies for the processing of 3D point clouds and for object classification in scanned scenes. In particular, our method extends the use of semantic knowledge to all stages of the processing, including the guidance of the 3D processing algorithms. The complete solution consists in a multi-stage iterative concept based on three factors: the modelled knowledge, the package of algorithms, and the classification engine. Two case studies illustrating our approach are presented in this paper. The studies were carried out on scans of the waiting area of an airport and along the tracks of a railway. In both cases the goal was to detect and identify objects within a defined area. With our results we demonstrate the applicability of our approach.</span></p><p>&nbsp;</p><p><span style="line-height: 1.538em;">Automatische Detektion und Klassifikation von Objekten in Punktwolken unter Nutzung mehrschichtiger Semantik. Infolge der zunehmenden Verfügbarkeit großer unstrukturierter Punktwolken aus Laserscanning und Photogrammetrie entsteht wachsender Bedarf für automatisierte Auswerteverfahren. Angesichts der häufig hohen Komplexität der in den Punktwolken enthaltenen Objekte stoßen rein datengetriebene Ansätze an ihre Grenzen. Es entstehen vermehrt Konzepte, die auf verschiedene Weise auch Gebrauch von der Semantik machen. Semantik und Algorithmik sind dabei oft eng miteinander verwoben und führen zu Limitationen in Art und Umfang der nutzbaren Semantik. Mit der vorgestellten Lösung werden Algorithmik und Semantik klar getrennt und mit den exakt auf diese Domänen zugeschnittenen Werkzeugen behandelt. Deren prozedurale Verknüpfung führt dann zu einem neuen Verarbeitungskonzept, das eine nach unserem Kenntnisstand bislang nicht erreichte Flexibilität und Vielseitigkeit in der Nutzung unterschiedlichster Semantiken besitzt und auch die Steuerung der Algorithmen integriert. Die iterative Gesamtlösung fußt auf drei Säulen, nämlich dem modellierten Wissen, dem Pool der Algorithmen und dem Identifikationsprozess. Erreichbare Resultate werden an zwei Beispielen dokumentiert. Ein Beispiel befasst sich mit der Analyse von Punktwolken aus dem Bereich der Lichtraumvermessung an Bahntrassen, das zweite mit Räumlichkeiten in einem Flughafen. In beiden Fällen müssen bestimmte Objektarten aufgefunden und klassifiziert werden.</span></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Cette thèse s&#39;intéresse au recalage de données issues de capteurs 3D et multispectraux pour l&#39;étude du patrimoine.Lorsque l&#39;on étudie ce type d&#39;objet, il y a souvent peu de points saillants naturels entre ces jeux de données complémentaires. Par ailleurs, l&#39;utilisation de mires optiques est proscrite.Notre problème est donc de recaler des données multimodales sans points caractéristiques.Nous avons développé une méthode de recalage basé sur le suivi des systèmes d&#39;acquisition en utilisant des techniques issues de la photogrammétrie.Des simulations nous ont permis d&#39;évaluer la précision de la méthode dans trois configurations qui représentent des cas typiques dans l&#39;étude d&#39;objets du patrimoine.Ces simulations ont montré que l&#39;on peut atteindre une précision du suivi de 0.020 mm spatialement et 0.100 mrad angulairement en utilisant quatre caméras 5 Mpx lorsque l&#39;on numérise une zone de 400 mm x 700 mm.La précision finale du recalage repose sur le succès d&#39;une série de calibrations optiques et géométriques, ainsi que sur leur stabilité pour la durée du processus d&#39;acquisition.Plusieurs tests ont permis d&#39;évaluer la précision du suivi et du recalage de plusieurs jeux de données indépendants; d&#39;abord seulement 3D, puis 3D et multispecrales.Enfin, nous avons étendu notre méthode d&#39;estimation de la réflectance à partir des données multispectrales lorsque celles-ci sont recalées sur un modèle 3D.</p><p><br />The concern and interest of this PhD thesis is the registration of featureless 3D and multispectral datasets describing cultural heritage objects.In this context, there are few natural salient features between the complementary datasets, and the use of targets is generally proscribed.We thus develop a technique based on the photogrammetric tracking of the acquisition systems in use.A series of simulations was performed to evaluate the accuracy of our method in three configurations chosen to represent a variety of cultural heritage objects.These simulations show that we can achieve a spatial tracking accuracy of 0.020 mm and an angular accuracy of 0.100 mrad using four 5 Mpx cameras when digitizing an area of 400 mm x 700 mm. The accuracy of the final registration relies on the success of a series of optical and geometrical calibrations and their stability for the duration of the full acquisition process.The accuracy of the tracking and registration was extensively tested in laboratory settings. We first evaluated the potential for multiview 3D registration. Then, the method was used for to project of multispectral images on 3D models.Finally, we used the registered data to improve the reflectance estimation from the multispectral datasets&nbsp;</p>

<p>Autokollimationszielungen ergänzen die hochgenaue 3D-Koordinatenmesstechnik und ermöglichen die präzise Festlegung von Richtungen im Raum auch unter beengten räumlichen Verhältnissen. Exemplarisch untersuchen wir die Durchführung von Autokollimationzielungen mit einem Lasertracker. Um die neuartige Vorgehensweise mit dem Leica Absolute Tracker AT401 dem klassischen Prozedere mit Industrietheodolit und Autokollimationsokular vergleichend gegenüber stellen zu können, vermessen wir einen verspiegelten Prüfkörper dreimal unabhängig voneinander mit unterschiedlichen Gerätesystemen.</p>

<p>Initialized in 2009, the Institute for Spatial Information and Surveying Technology (i3mainz), Mainz University of Applied Sciences, forces research towards modular concepts for imaging total stations. On the one hand, this research is driven by the successful setup of high precision imaging motor theodolites in the near past, on the other hand it is pushed by the actual introduction of integrated imaging total stations to the positioning market by the manufacturers Leica Geosystems, Sokkia, Pentax, Topcon and Trimble.</p><p>Modular concepts for imaging total stations are manufacturer independent to a large extent and consist of a particular combination of accessory hardware, software and algorithmic procedures. The hardware part consists mainly of an interchangeable eyepiece adapter offering opportunities for digital imaging. An easy assembly and disassembly in the field is possible allowing the user to switch between the classical and the imaging use of a robotic total station. The software part primarily has to ensure hardware control, but several level of algorithmic support might be added and have to be distinguished. Algorithmic procedures allow reaching several levels of calibration concerning the geometry of the external digital camera and the total station. Here the resulting resolution capacity of our sensor fusion and also the accuracy of the system are presented based on examples. We deliver insight in our recent developments and quality characteristics.</p><p>The sensor fusion between camera and polar measuring system allows detecting and measuring different types of targets with high precision. MoDiTa is used to calibrate inclination sensors and to control the long-term stability of laser and tripods.</p>

<div>Derzeit sind neben neun Professoren am Institut mehr als zwanzig wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter mit Zeitverträgen angestellt. Neben ihnen sind Studierende mit ihren Abschlussarbeiten, Praktikanten und studentische Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter in die Arbeit des Instituts eingebunden.</div><div>Im Jahr 2012 standen Mittel im Gesamtumfang von 1,28 Mio Euro zur Verfügung. Dazu zählten Mittel der FH Mainz, des Landes, öffentlicher Förderprogramme, der Europäischen Union und Drittmittel aus der Wirtschaft.&nbsp;</div>

<p>Die buddhistische Steinschriften (8. - 12. Jh. n. Chr.) der Provinz Sichuan im Südwesten Chinas repräsentieren eines der bedeutendsten Kulturgüter Chinas, welche archäologisch, kunsthistorisch und textwissenschaftlich dokumentiert, analysiert, interpretiert und visuali-siert werden müssen. Einerseits sollen diese buddhistischen Steinschriften für zukünftige Generationen konserviert werden. Andererseits sollen weitere Voraussetzungen zur Analy-se der Daten geschaffen werden, indem diese einer breiten Öffentlichkeit zugänglich ge-macht werden, um beispielsweise die geschichtliche Entwicklung des Buddhismus in China und seine Anpassung an die chinesische Kultur zu erforschen.</p>

<p>Untersucht wird, inwieweit aus mehreren Einzelphotos gerechnete vollsphärische Panoramabilder geometrisch korrekt mit der Software PTGui berechnet werden können. Ausgangsbasis der Qualitätsbeurteilung sind Photos für 80 Panoramen, welche zusammen mit der TLS-Vermessung des UNESCO-Welterbes St. Michaelis zu Hildesheim und der Stadtkirche Michelstadt entstanden sind. Die Photos sind mittels digitaler Spiegelreflexkameras im High-Definition-Range-Modus unter Verwendung hochwertiger Nodalpunktadapter aufgenommen worden. Mit der professionellen Stitching-Software PTGui sind diese zu Panoramen verarbeitet wurden. Sie weisen - rein visuell beurteilt - eine hohe Güte auf mit glatten Detail- und Helligkeitsübergängen. Trotz dieser augenscheinlichen guten Präzision verbleibt eine gewisse Skepsis darüber, ob das Panorama auch hinsichtlich der inneren Geometrie einwandfrei ist; zumal PTGui hierüber keine nachvollziehbaren Angaben liefert. Da zu jedem Panorama zugleich eine hoch aufgelöste 3D-Punktwolke vom gleichen Aufnahmestandort erfasst wurde, kann diese als geometrische Referenz genutzt werden, um die visuelle Güte mit quantitativen Methoden zu prüfen. Über manuell ausgewählte Punktidentitäten im TLS-Remissionsbild und im Panorama werden hierzu einfache Qualitätsuntersuchungen durchgeführt. Es werden Aussagen über die Güte der gegenseitigen Orientierung beider Datenebenen im Sinne einer Starrkörperbewegung getroffen und damit über die Konstanz in der Fixierung der Kamera im Nodalpunktadapter.</p>

<p>This paper presents our experience regarding the creation of 3D semantic facility model out of unorganized 3D point clouds. Thus, a knowledge-based detection approach of objects using the OWL ontology language is presented. This knowledge is used to define SWRL detection rules. In addition, the combination of 3D processing built-ins and topological Built-Ins in SWRL rules aims at combining geometrical analysis of 3D point clouds and specialist&rsquo;s knowledge. This combination allows more flexible and intelligent detection and the annotation of objects contained in 3D point clouds. The created WiDOP prototype takes a set of 3D point clouds as input, and produces an indexed scene of colored objects visualized within VRML language as output. The context of the study is the detection of railway objects materialized within the Deutsche Bahn scene such as signals, technical cupboards, electric poles, etc. Therefore, the resulting enriched and populated domain ontology, that contains the annotations of objects in the point clouds, is used to feed a GIS system.</p>